Influence of Red Mud Catalyst and Reaction Atmosphere on Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae

Tawsif Rahman, Hossein Jahromi, Poulami Roy, Sushil Adhikari (), Farshad Feyzbar-Khalkhali-Nejad, Tae-Sik Oh, Qichen Wang and Brendan T. Higgins
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Tawsif Rahman: Biosystems Engineering Department, 200 Corley Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
Hossein Jahromi: Biosystems Engineering Department, 200 Corley Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
Poulami Roy: Biosystems Engineering Department, 200 Corley Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
Sushil Adhikari: Biosystems Engineering Department, 200 Corley Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
Farshad Feyzbar-Khalkhali-Nejad: Department of Chemical Engineering, 346 Ross Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
Tae-Sik Oh: Department of Chemical Engineering, 346 Ross Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
Qichen Wang: Biosystems Engineering Department, 200 Corley Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
Brendan T. Higgins: Biosystems Engineering Department, 200 Corley Building, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-24

Abstract: Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms and have a potential to produce renewable biofuel via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). This study investigated the effects of reaction environments on biocrude production from “ Tetraselmis sp.” algae strain by HTL process using red mud (RM) based catalyst. The inert (N 2 ), ethylene (C 2 H 4 ), reducing (10% H 2 /90% N 2 ), and oxidizing (10% O 2 /90% N 2 ) environments were applied to the non-catalytic as well as catalytic HTL treatments with two forms of RM catalysts: RM reduced at 500 °C (RRM) and nickel-supported RM (Ni/RM). Under nitrogen, ethylene and reducing environments, the biocrude yield increased by the following trend: No Catalyst < RRM < Ni/RM. The Ni/RM catalyst produced the highest biocrude yield (37 wt.%) in an ethylene environment, generated the lowest total acid number (14 mg KOH/g) under inert atmosphere, and lowered sulfur (33–66%) and oxygen (18–30%) from biocrude products irrespective of environments. The RRM catalyst maximized the biocrude carbon content (61 wt.%) under a reducing environment and minimized the heavy metal and phosphorus transfer from the feedstock to biocrude in studied ambiences. The reducing environment facilitated mild hydrotreatment during HTL reaction in the presence of RRM catalyst. Among the non-catalytic experiments, the reducing atmosphere optimized carbon content (54.3 wt.%) and calorific value (28 MJ/kg) with minimum oxygen amount (27.2 wt.%) in biocrudes.

Keywords: hydrothermal liquefaction; algae; red mud; ethylene; reaction environment; catalyst; biocrude (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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