An Environmental and Technical Evaluation of Vacuum-Based Thin Film Technologies: Lithium Niobate Coated Cathode Active Material for Use in All-Solid-State Battery Cells

Deidre Wolff (), Svenja Weber (), Tobias Graumann, Stefan Zebrowski, Nils Mainusch, Nikolas Dilger, Felipe Cerdas and Sabrina Zellmer
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Deidre Wolff: Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films IST, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
Svenja Weber: Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films IST, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
Tobias Graumann: Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films IST, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
Stefan Zebrowski: Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films IST, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
Nils Mainusch: Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films IST, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
Nikolas Dilger: Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films IST, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
Felipe Cerdas: Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films IST, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
Sabrina Zellmer: Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films IST, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 3, 1-22

Abstract: Research on All-Solid-State Batteries (ASSBs) currently focuses on the development of innovative materials, cell concepts, and production processes, aiming to achieve higher energy densities compared to other battery technologies. For example, it is been demonstrated that coating the Cathode Active Material (CAM) can enhance the rate capability and cycle life and reduce the interfacial resistance of an ASSB cell. For this reason, various techniques for coating the CAM have been explored, along with a variety of coating materials, including lithium niobate. Since ASSBs are still an emerging technology, more research is needed to determine how their production processes will perform from a technical, economic, and environmental perspective. In this paper, two innovative techniques for producing lithium niobate-coated CAMs are presented and evaluated. Particularly, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) techniques for coating NCM811 particles are investigated. The methodology for environmental and technical feasibility assessments at an early stage of development is further presented and discussed. Based on process-specific data and expert knowledge, an environmental assessment is conducted and further supported with a qualitative technical feasibility assessment. The results help guide early-stage decision-making regarding the identification of promising process routes with relatively low impacts.

Keywords: lithium niobate; Cathode Active Material coating; NCM811; Atomic Layer Deposition; Physical Vapor Deposition; All-Solid-State Batteries; environmental assessment; technical assessment; prospective assessment (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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