Synthesis of (Cu,Mn,Co) 3 O 4 Spinel: Effects of Citrate-to-Nitrate Ratio on Its Homogeneity and Electrical Properties

Joelle C. W. Mah, Isyraf Aznam, Andanastuti Muchtar (), Mahendra Rao Somalu and Jarot Raharjo
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Joelle C. W. Mah: Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Isyraf Aznam: Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Andanastuti Muchtar: Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Mahendra Rao Somalu: Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Jarot Raharjo: Research Center for Advanced Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency, Puspiptek, South Tangerang 15314, Banten, Indonesia

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 3, 1-11

Abstract: The (Cu,Mn,Co) 3 O 4 (CMC) spinel layer is useful in inhibiting Cr vaporization that deteriorates the solid oxide fuel cell performance. The effectiveness of the spinel layer in suppressing volatile Cr species from the metallic interconnects is strongly dependent on layer density, which is influenced by particle size distributions and agglomerations of the spinel powders. Considering that the material properties were influenced by the synthesizing conditions, this study elucidated the influences of citric acid (fuel) on the structure, morphology, and electrical properties of sol–gel derived CMC spinel powders. Dual-phase CMC spinel powders, consisting of cubic CuMnCoO and tetragonal Mn 2 CoO 4 , were successfully synthesized at citrate-to-nitrate (CA/MN) ratios of 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2. An undesired CuCo 2 O 4 phase was observed in spinel powders synthesized at a low CA/MN ratio of 0.5. The CA/MN ratio has influenced not only the phase formation of CMC spinel, but also the particle size distributions. The CA/MN ratio of 1.0 yielded the finest CMC spinel with the least agglomerates, which then produced the highest electrical conductivity of 116 Scm −1 . Therefore, the CA/MN ratio of 1.0 was recommended for the synthesis of CMC spinel, which can be used in fabricating the protective coating of solid oxide fuel cell interconnects.

Keywords: solid oxide fuel cells; spinels; sol–gel processes; agglomerations; electrical properties (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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