Estimating the Dominant Life Phase Concerning the Effects of Battery Degradation on CO 2 Emissions by Repetitive Cycle Applications: Case Study of an Industrial Battery System Installed in an Electric Bus

Reiko Takahashi, Koji Negishi, Hideki Noda and Mami Mizutani
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Reiko Takahashi: Energy Systems Research and Development Center, Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions Corporation, 72-34, Horikawa-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-8585, Japan
Koji Negishi: Energy Systems Research and Development Center, Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions Corporation, 72-34, Horikawa-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-8585, Japan
Hideki Noda: Infrastructure Systems Research and Development Center, Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation, 72-34, Horikawa-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-8585, Japan
Mami Mizutani: Infrastructure Systems Research and Development Center, Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation, 72-34, Horikawa-cho, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki 212-8585, Japan

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 3, 1-15

Abstract: Many studies have evaluated CO 2 emission from batteries. However, the impact of Li-ion battery (LiB) degradation on the CO 2 emissions from the material through operation phases has not been sufficiently examined. This study aims to clarify the dominant CO 2 emission phase and the impact of the degradation of general industrial LiBs from repetitive cycle applications. We developed a model common to general LiB composition and calculated CO 2 emissions by the LCA method using the IDEA database. Our model simplifies the degradation process, including capacity decrease and internal resistance increase. We used it in a sensitivity analysis of the carbon intensity of electricity charged to a LiB. The loss mechanism was determined by experimental data for an electric bus with an industrial LiB. The results illustrate that the carbon intensity of electricity affects CO 2 emissions dominance, the operation phase for mix (71.3%), and the material phase for renewables (70.9%), and that battery degradation over six years increases the total amount of CO 2 emissions by 11.8% for mix and 3.9% for renewables equivalent. Although there are limitations regarding the assumed conditions, the present results will contribute to building a method for monitoring emissions and to standardizing degradation calculations.

Keywords: lithium-ion batteries; industrial batteries; electric buses; CO 2 emissions; dominant phase; battery degradation; electricity mixes; life cycle assessment; IDEA (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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