Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulation in Four-Area Interconnected Power Systems Using a Gradient-Based Optimizer

Tayyab Ali, Suheel Abdullah Malik, Amil Daraz, Muhammad Adeel, Sheraz Aslam () and Herodotos Herodotou ()
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Tayyab Ali: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
Suheel Abdullah Malik: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
Amil Daraz: School of Information Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
Muhammad Adeel: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
Sheraz Aslam: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering and Informatics, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
Herodotos Herodotou: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering and Informatics, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 5, 1-27

Abstract: Existing interconnected power systems (IPSs) are being overloaded by the expansion of the industrial and residential sectors together with the incorporation of renewable energy sources, which cause serious fluctuations in frequency, voltage, and tie-line power. The automatic voltage regulation (AVR) and load frequency control (LFC) loops provide high quality power to all consumers with nominal frequency, voltage, and tie-line power deviation, ensuring the stability and security of IPS in these conditions. In this paper, a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is investigated for the effective control of a four-area IPS. Each IPS area has five generating units including gas, thermal reheat, hydro, and two renewable energy sources, namely wind and solar photovoltaic plants. The PID controller was tuned by a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm known as a gradient-based optimizer (GBO). The integral of time multiplied by squared value of error (ITSE) was utilized as an error criterion for the evaluation of the fitness function. The voltage, frequency, and tie-line power responses of GBO-PID were evaluated and compared with integral–proportional derivative (GBO-I-PD), tilt integral derivative (GBO-TID), and integral–proportional (GBO-I-P) controllers with 5% step load perturbation (SLP) provided in each of the four areas. Comprehensive comparisons between GBO-PID and other control methodologies revealed that the proposed GBO-PID controller provides superior voltage, frequency, and tie-line power responses in each area. The reliability and efficacy of GBO-PID methodology were further validated with variations in the turbine time constant and speed regulation over a range of  ± 25%. It is evident from the outcomes of the sensitivity analysis that the proposed GBO-PID control methodology is very reliable and can successfully stabilize the deviations in terminal voltage, load frequency, and tie-line power with a shorter settling time in a four-area IPS.

Keywords: smart grid; automatic voltage regulation gradient-based optimizer; four-area interconnected power system; PID controller; meta-heuristic optimization; load frequency control (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (4)

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