Synthesis of Biobased Composite Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production Using Simplex Lattice Design Mixture: Optimization Process by Taguchi Method

Christopher Tunji Oloyede (), Simeon Olatayo Jekayinfa, Abass Olanrewaju Alade, Oyetola Ogunkunle (), Opeyeolu Timothy Laseinde, Ademola Oyejide Adebayo, Adeola Ibrahim Abdulkareem, Ghassan Fadhil Smaisim and I.M.R. Fattah ()
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Christopher Tunji Oloyede: Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210214, Nigeria
Simeon Olatayo Jekayinfa: Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210214, Nigeria
Abass Olanrewaju Alade: Department of Chemical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210214, Nigeria
Oyetola Ogunkunle: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
Opeyeolu Timothy Laseinde: Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
Ademola Oyejide Adebayo: Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210214, Nigeria
Adeola Ibrahim Abdulkareem: Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210214, Nigeria
Ghassan Fadhil Smaisim: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq
I.M.R. Fattah: Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 5, 1-26

Abstract: The use of biobased heterogeneous catalysts made from agricultural waste for producing biodiesel has gained attention for its potential to create a sustainable and low-cost process. The blending of two or more biomass residues to create more viable biobased catalysts is still in its early stages. In this study, a Biobased Composite Heterogeneous Catalyst (CHC) was made by blending the shells of periwinkle (PWS), melon seed-husk (MSH), and locust bean pod-husk (LBP) at a mixing ratio of 67:17:17 using Simplex Lattice Design Mixture, that was then calcined for 4 h at 800 °C. The chemical, structural, and morphological components of the CHC were characterized via XRF, XRD, SEM-EDX, BET, TGA/DSC, and FTIR to assess its catalytic potential. The CHC was employed to synthesize biodiesel from palm kernel oil, and the process optimization was conducted using the Taguchi approach. The XRF analysis showed that the catalyst had 69.049 of Calcium (Ca) and 9.472 of potassium (K) in their elemental and oxide states as 61.592% calcium oxide and 7.919% potassium oxide. This was also supported by the EDX result, that showed an appreciable value of 58.00% of Ca and 2.30% of magnesium, that perhaps provided the active site in the transesterification reaction to synthesize biodiesel. The morphological and physisorption isotherms via SEM and BET showed mesoporous structures in the CHC that were made up of nanoparticles. A high maximum biodiesel yield of 90.207 wt.% was attained under the optimized process conditions. The catalyst could be reused for up to four cycles, and the biodiesel produced met both ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards for biodiesel. This study demonstrates that blending PWS, MSH, and LBP waste materials can produce high-quality biodiesel without the need for additional catalysts.

Keywords: agricultural residues; heterogeneous catalyst; characterization; biodiesel; optimization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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