High-Energy Transformations of Fossil Fuels in the Cement Industry

Mirosław Szwed (), Witold Żukowski, Krzysztof Misztal and Rafał Kozłowski
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Mirosław Szwed: Institute of Geography and Environmental Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
Witold Żukowski: Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Misztal: Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Stanisława Łojasiewicza 6, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
Rafał Kozłowski: Institute of Geography and Environmental Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 9, 1-14

Abstract: The energy stored in fossil fuels is released through combustion and is a fundamental process in the production of cement. The negative aspect of this combustion is the emission of greenhouse gases and dust. This paper presents the results of a study conducted within a cement plant in Ożarów (south-eastern Poland). The chemical properties (selected elements) in the needles of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) were determined. The needle surface was scanned using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and was characterised in terms of chemical composition through energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The concentrations of selected analytes in the biennial needles formed the following descending sequence: Fe > Al > Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni. SEM/EDS microphotographs showed the presence of particles of varying shape, size and chemical composition indicative of anthropogenic origin.

Keywords: toxicity; air pollution; greenhouse gases; scanning microscopy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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