Review on Modeling and Control Strategies of DC–DC LLC Converters for Bidirectional Electric Vehicle Charger Applications

Houssein Al Attar (), Mohamed Assaad Hamida, Malek Ghanes and Miassa Taleb
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Houssein Al Attar: Ecole Centrale de Nantes, LS2N, UMR CNRS 6004, 1 rue de la Noe, BP 92101, CEDEX 3, 44321 Nantes, France
Mohamed Assaad Hamida: Ecole Centrale de Nantes, LS2N, UMR CNRS 6004, 1 rue de la Noe, BP 92101, CEDEX 3, 44321 Nantes, France
Malek Ghanes: Ecole Centrale de Nantes, LS2N, UMR CNRS 6004, 1 rue de la Noe, BP 92101, CEDEX 3, 44321 Nantes, France
Miassa Taleb: Renault Technocentre, 1 Avenue du Golf, 78280 Guyancourt, France

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 9, 1-28

Abstract: Bidirectional DC–DC converters are frequently chosen for applications requiring high power density such as in bidirectional electric vehicle (EV) chargers. Vehicle to Everything (V2X) technology makes the EV battery an electrical energy source. In this article, the use of a DC–DC LLC converter used in a bidirectional EV charger is reviewed. Different modeling approaches of the DC–DC LLC converter, such as small and large signal modeling, are discussed. Common modulation strategies applied to the DC–DC LLC converter in V2X mode, such as Pulse Frequency Modulation (PFM), Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Phase-Shift Modulation (PSM), are presented. The new challenge is to present the main characteristics and limitations of each modulation strategy in order to cover the whole operating zone of the EV charger in V2X mode. Furthermore, different control strategies based on a small or large signal model combined with different modulation strategies are highlighted. Linear and nonlinear controllers applied to the DC–DC LLC converter are discussed. Robust controllers are mainly highlighted regarding their advantage in ensuring the control robustness with respect to unexpected disturbances. A comparative study among modulation strategies as well as different control algorithms is conducted in terms of control performance and converter efficiency in V2X mode.

Keywords: electric vehicle charger; DC–DC LLC converter; V2X mode; small signal modeling; Pulse Frequency Modulation; Phase-Shift Modulation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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