Optimization Model of Hybrid Renewable Energy Generation for Electric Bus Charging Stations

Ahmed Bazzi, Hamza El Hafdaoui, Ahmed Khallaayoun, Kedar Mehta (), Kamar Ouazzani and Wilfried Zörner
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Ahmed Bazzi: School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane 53000, Morocco
Hamza El Hafdaoui: School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane 53000, Morocco
Ahmed Khallaayoun: School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University, Ifrane 53000, Morocco
Kedar Mehta: Institute of new Energy Systems (InES), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, 85051 Ingolstadt, Germany
Kamar Ouazzani: National School of Applied Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
Wilfried Zörner: Institute of new Energy Systems (InES), Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, 85051 Ingolstadt, Germany

Energies, 2023, vol. 17, issue 1, 1-22

Abstract: This paper introduces a comprehensive approach for sizing grid-connected hybrid renewable energy systems tailored for electric bus fleet operations. The study involves two main steps. First, a mathematical model that optimizes the configuration of such systems by considering daily electric bus consumption, solar irradiance, wind speed, and biomass potential is formulated. The model utilizes Pareto frontier multi-objective optimization to minimize the net present cost, the cost of energy, and greenhouse gas emissions. Second, the model is rigorously applied and tested in a real-world case study in Fez, Morocco, using HOMER Pro; the case study centers on the daily energy requirements of the buses, estimated at 2.5 megawatt hours per day, with a peak demand of 345 kilowatts. Two scenarios are explored, revealing a discernible trade-off dilemma between the full hybrid renewable energy scenario (Scenario 1) and the grid-connected hybrid renewable energy scenario (Scenario 2). In Scenario 2, the grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system demonstrates a notable 42.8% reduction in the net present cost, totaling USD 984,624. Similarly, the levelized cost of energy experiences a significant decrease, reaching approximately 0.08 USD/kWh, marking a 38.1% reduction. However, this apparent economic advantage is juxtaposed with a critical consideration—an increase in greenhouse gas emissions from null to 330,418 kg/year.

Keywords: electric buses; HOMER; on-site renewable energy generation; sustainable transport; hybrid renewable energy generation; grid-connected renewable energy system; electric bus charging station (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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