A Formulation Model to Compute the Life Cycle Environmental Impact of NiZn Batteries from Cradle to Grave

Ashwani Kumar Malviya, Mehdi Zarehparast Malekzadeh, Jinping Li, Boyang Li, Francisco Enrique Santarremigia (), Gemma Dolores Molero, Ignacio Villalba Sanchis and Víctor Yepes ()
Additional contact information
Ashwani Kumar Malviya: AITEC, Research and Innovation Department, Parque Tecnológico, C/Charles Robert Darwin, 20, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
Mehdi Zarehparast Malekzadeh: AITEC, Research and Innovation Department, Parque Tecnológico, C/Charles Robert Darwin, 20, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
Jinping Li: Optima Technology GmbH, Einsteinstraße 59, 89077 Ulm, Germany
Boyang Li: Optima Technology GmbH, Einsteinstraße 59, 89077 Ulm, Germany
Francisco Enrique Santarremigia: AITEC, Research and Innovation Department, Parque Tecnológico, C/Charles Robert Darwin, 20, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
Gemma Dolores Molero: AITEC, Research and Innovation Department, Parque Tecnológico, C/Charles Robert Darwin, 20, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
Ignacio Villalba Sanchis: Transport and Territory Research Institute, School of Civil Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
Víctor Yepes: Institute of Concrete Science and Technology (ICITECH), School of Civil Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain

Energies, 2024, vol. 17, issue 11, 1-41

Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the environmental impacts (EI) produced by novel nickel-zinc battery (RNZB) technology, which is a promising alternative for energy storage applications. The paper develops mathematical models for estimating the life cycle environmental impacts of RNZB from cradle to grave, based on an extensive literature review and the ISO standards for life cycle costing and life cycle analysis. The paper uses the ReCiPe 2016 method of life cycle analysis (LCA) to calculate the EI of RNZB in terms of eighteen Midpoint impact categories and three Endpoint impact categories: damage to human health, damage to ecosystem diversity, and damage to resource availability. The paper also compares the EI of RNZB with those of other battery technologies, such as lead-acid and lithium-ion LFP and NMC. The paper applies the models and compares results with those provided by the software openLCA (version 1.11.0), showing its reliability and concluding that NiZn batteries contribute approximately 14 MJ for CED and 0.82 kg CO 2 eq. for global warming per kWh of released energy, placing them between lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries. This study suggests that NiZn battery technology could benefit from using more renewable energy in end-use applications and adopting green recovery technology to reduce environmental impact. Further developments can use these models as objective functions for heuristic optimisation of the EI in the life cycle of RNZB.

Keywords: sustainable energy; nickel-zinc battery; life cycle analysis modelling; environmental impacts of battery technologies (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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