Evaluating Frequency Stability with a Generic Model for IBR Penetration and the Implementation of Grid-Forming Control Strategies

Adji Prastiantono, Umar Fitra Ramadhan, Donghwi Kim, Don Hur () and Minhan Yoon ()
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Adji Prastiantono: Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
Umar Fitra Ramadhan: Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
Donghwi Kim: Electricity Technology, Global Manufacturing and Infra Technology, Yongin 17113, Republic of Korea
Don Hur: Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
Minhan Yoon: Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea

Energies, 2024, vol. 17, issue 11, 1-20

Abstract: In recent years, there has been a significant uptick in the integration of Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs) into the power grid, driven by the global shift toward renewable energy sources. The Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) has developed standardized models for these inverters to facilitate their representation in system studies, playing a crucial role in evaluating IBRs, especially those modeled as grid-following inverters (GFLs). However, with the increasing prevalence of IBRs, the adjustment of grid interaction between grid-forming inverters (GFMs) and GFLs should be considered in terms of frequency stability assessment. This study investigates the optimization of synchronous generators and IBR operations in more detail. The IBR operation is evaluated with considerations for ratio and penetration. The findings suggest that with over 50% IBR penetration, GFL capacity should be reduced, and GFM capacity should be over 35% of IBR to maintain grid frequency stability. Moreover, this study also explains advanced prediction of frequency nadir, particularly the optimal ratio of WECC generic and GFM through the least squares method. Furthermore, the small-signal dynamic characteristics of WECC are studied at various gain values to investigate frequency droop control.

Keywords: effective inertia; droop control; generic model; REPC_A; REEC_A; REGC_A; grid-forming control (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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