The Effects of Biodiesel on the Performance and Gas Emissions of Farm Tractors’ Engines: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression

Mohsen Akbari, Homeyra Piri, Massimiliano Renzi and Marco Bietresato ()
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Mohsen Akbari: Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah 6714414971, Iran
Homeyra Piri: Faculty of Engineering, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
Massimiliano Renzi: Faculty of Engineering, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
Marco Bietresato: Faculty of Engineering, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy

Energies, 2024, vol. 17, issue 17, 1-31

Abstract: The need for the decarbonization of heavy-duty vehicles requires a deep understanding about the effects of biofuels, which represent a viable pathway to cut the emissions in the hard-to-abate sectors, like agricultural tractors. A novel meta-analysis approach can help to thoroughly investigate the effects of biodiesel blends on farm tractor engines in terms of performance and emissions. Studies were identified using the main keywords related to internal combustion engines in prominent scientific databases. Standardized mean differences were calculated for each study to evaluate engine performance and gas emissions. Mixed-effects regression models were developed to investigate performance and environmental pollution changes over different biodiesel blending ratios, biodiesel sources, and engine types. The analysis revealed significant effects of biodiesel blending ratio on decreasing torque [−13.0%, CI 95% (6.7%–19.3%); I 2 = 97.67; p = 0.000; Q = 129.94], engine power [−15.0%, CI 95% (10.0–20.0%); I 2 = 54.82; p = 0.000; Q = 101.81], CO 2 emissions [−24.1%(15.0–32.0%); I 2 = 0.198; p = 0.000; Q = 20.04], and CO emissions [−17.5%, CI 95% (16.0–18.0%); I 2 = 98.62; p = 0.000; Q = 97.69], while increasing specific fuel consumption [+5.2%, CI 95% (1.0–9.0%); I 2 = 95.94; p = 0.000; Q = 129.74] and NO emissions [+11.0%, CI 95% (6.0–15.0%); I 2 = 98.51; p = 0.000; Q = 157.56]. The same analysis did not show any influence of the sources of biodiesel and the engine type. Finally, meta-regression found a significant positive association between increasing ratios of biodiesels and decreasing torque, engine power, CO and CO 2 emissions, and increasing fuel consumption and NO emissions in terms of linear equations. Although through these equations it is not possible to individuate an optimal range of blending ratios able to lower the emissions and not affect the engine parameters, the range from 9.1% to 13.0% of biodiesel is a good tradeoff. Within it, the only decrease in engine performance is in charge of the power, however contained within 4%, while CO and CO 2 emissions are reduced (respectively by 0.0%/−2.8% and −3.6%/−6.0%) without using any specific pollutant abatement systems.

Keywords: biodiesel; engine performance; gas emissions; meta-analysis; farm tractor (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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