Liquid Water Transport and Distribution in the Gas Diffusion Layer of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Considering Interfacial Cracks

Bao Li, Shibo Cao, Yanzhou Qin (), Xin Liu (), Xiaomin Xu and Qianfan Xin ()
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Bao Li: State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
Shibo Cao: State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
Yanzhou Qin: State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
Xin Liu: State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
Xiaomin Xu: State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
Qianfan Xin: State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China

Energies, 2024, vol. 17, issue 21, 1-18

Abstract: The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), with a high energy conversion efficiency, has become an important means of hydrogen energy utilization. However, water condensation is unavoidable in the PEMFC because of low operating temperatures. The impact of liquid water on PEMFC performance and stability is significant. The gas diffusion layer (GDL) provides a critical transport path for liquid water in the PEMFC. Liquid water saturation and distribution in the GDL determine water flooding and mass transfer efficiency in the PEMFC. In this study, focusing on the effects of the water introduction method, osmotic pressure, and contact angle, the liquid water transport in the GDL was numerically investigated based on a pore-scale model using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. The results showed that compared with the conventional water introduction method without cracks, the saturation and spatial distribution of water inside the GDL obtained in the simulation were more consistent with the experimental results when the water was introduced through the microporous layer (MPL) crack. It was found that increasing the osmotic pressure resulted in a faster rate of water penetration, faster approaching the steady-state performance, and higher saturation. The ultra-high osmotic pressure contributed to the secondary breakthrough with a significant increase in saturation. Increasing the contact angle caused higher capillary resistance, especially in the region with small pore sizes. At a constant osmotic pressure, as the contact angle increased, the liquid water gradually failed to penetrate into the small pores around the transport path, causing saturation reduction and an ultimate failure to break through the GDL. Increasing the contact angle contributed to a higher breakthrough pressure and secondary breakthrough pressure.

Keywords: water transport; breakthrough pressure; secondary breakthrough; water saturation; gas diffusion layer (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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