Smart Transformer-Assisted Frequency Control Mechanism for RES Penetrated Power Systems Considering Metaheuristic-Based Secondary Controller

Chakka Bapi Ayyappa Raju, Sanjoy Debbarma () and Rayapudi Srinivasa Rao
Additional contact information
Chakka Bapi Ayyappa Raju: Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, India
Sanjoy Debbarma: Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, India
Rayapudi Srinivasa Rao: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University College of Engineering, Kakinada 533003, AP, India

Energies, 2024, vol. 17, issue 23, 1-19

Abstract: The gradual replacement of conventional generators with variable renewable energy sources (RES) will reduce their online frequency regulation (FR) resources and degrade their overall frequency control capabilities. Although various inertia emulation methods exist, shaping load consumption is considered a more effective strategy during emergency conditions than under-frequency load shedding. Managing loads following frequency excursions can support grid stability owing to rapid power response. In this context, a Smart Transformer (ST)-based FR framework for a RES-penetrated power system is studied in this paper. The ST, with its distinctive features, effectively shapes the load profile through online load sensitivity identification-based control, aiding in the stabilization of grid frequency. This paper also proposes a tilt integral second-order double derivative (TIDD 2 ) controller for a secondary loop whose parameters are optimized using the Learner Performance-based Behavior (LPB) algorithm. A thorough investigation reveals that the response from ST controlling the voltage-dependent load in the presence of TIDD 2 controllers can greatly enhance system performance by damping oscillations and peak deviations. In addition, the performance of Proportional–Integral–Derivative and TIDD 2 considering ST in the primary loop is compared to delineate the robustness of the LPB-based TIDD 2 controller. It is found that the proposed control scheme offers greater controllability and flexibility, enhancing the system’s dynamic performance.

Keywords: load frequency control; frequency regulation; smart transformer; voltage-dependent load; learning performance behavior-based optimization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5883/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/23/5883/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:23:p:5883-:d:1527742

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Agatha Cao

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().