A Comprehensive Approach to Load Frequency Control in Hybrid Power Systems Incorporating Renewable and Conventional Sources with Electric Vehicles and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage

K. Nagendra, K. Varun, G. Som Pal, K. Santosh, Sunil Semwal, Manoj Badoni and Rajeev Kumar ()
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K. Nagendra: Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, G. L. Bajaj Institute of Technology & Management, Greater Noida 201306, India
K. Varun: Department of Electrical Engineering, K.N.I.T., Sultanpur 228118, India
G. Som Pal: Department of Electronics Engineering, K.N.I.T., Sultanpur 228118, India
K. Santosh: Department of Electrical Engineering, K.N.I.T., Sultanpur 228118, India
Sunil Semwal: Tula’s Institute, Dehradun 248197, Uttarakhand, India
Manoj Badoni: Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala 147004, India
Rajeev Kumar: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad 201206, India

Energies, 2024, vol. 17, issue 23, 1-36

Abstract: This study addresses the load frequency control (LFC) within a multiarea power system characterized by diverse generation sources across three distinct power system areas. area 1 comprises thermal, geothermal, and electric vehicle (EV) generation with superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) support; area 2 encompasses thermal and EV generation; and area 3 includes hydro, gas, and EV generation. The objective is to minimize the area control error (ACE) under various scenarios, including parameter variations and random load changes, using different control strategies: proportional-integral-derivative (PID), two-degree-of-freedom PID (PID-2DF), fractional-order PID (FOPID), fractional-order integral (FOPID-FOI), and fractional-order integral and derivative (FOPID-FOID) controllers. The result analysis under various conditions (normal, random, and parameter variations) evidences the superior performance of the FOPID-FOID control scheme over the others in terms of time-domain specifications like oscillations and settling time. The FOPID-FOID control scheme provides advantages like adaptability/flexibility to system parameter changes and better response time for the current power system. This research is novel because it shows that the FOPID-FOID is an excellent control scheme that can integrate these diverse/renewable sources with modern systems.

Keywords: optimization; electric vehicles (EVs); fractional-order controller; load frequency control; renewable energy sources; SMES; TCPS (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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