Thermodynamic, Economic and Maturity Analysis of a Carnot Battery with a Two-Zone Water Thermal Energy Storage for Different Working Fluids

Josefine Koksharov (), Lauritz Zendel, Frank Dammel and Peter Stephan
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Josefine Koksharov: Institute for Technical Thermodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
Lauritz Zendel: Institute for Technical Thermodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
Frank Dammel: Institute for Technical Thermodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
Peter Stephan: Institute for Technical Thermodynamics, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany

Energies, 2024, vol. 17, issue 2, 1-20

Abstract: The rising share of renewable energies leads to increased fluctuations in electrical power supply. One possibility to shift the surplus energy based on demand is a Carnot battery (CB). A CB uses a heat pump or resistance heater to convert and store thermal energy into electrical energy. Later, the stored thermal energy is converted back into electrical energy using a heat engine. This study investigates a CB with a two-zone tank for thermal energy storage. A transcritical process with CO 2 is applied for charging, while discharging employs a transcritical process with CO 2 and six refrigerants operating in a subcritical process. The transcritical process with CO 2 and the four most promising subcritical processes are compared regarding round trip efficiency and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) depending on the pinch points 5 K and 1 K in the heat exchangers. Additionally, the technology readiness level (TRL) is determined for these configurations. The results show round-trip efficiencies between 11.3% and 33.5% and LCOEs ranging from EUR 0.95 ( kWh ) − 1 to EUR 2.09 ( kWh ) − 1 for the considered concepts with TRLs of up to six.

Keywords: Carnot battery; CO 2 heat pump; organic Rankine cycle; water storage tank (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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