A Multi-Source Power System’s Load Frequency Control Utilizing Particle Swarm Optimization

Zhengwei Qu, Waqar Younis (), Yunjing Wang and Popov Maxim Georgievitch
Additional contact information
Zhengwei Qu: School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
Waqar Younis: School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
Yunjing Wang: School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
Popov Maxim Georgievitch: Department of Electric Power Station and Automation of Power Systems, The Institute of Energy, Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia

Energies, 2024, vol. 17, issue 2, 1-33

Abstract: Electrical power networks consist of numerous energy control zones connected by tie-lines, with the addition of nonconventional sources resulting in considerable variations in tie-line power and frequency. Under these circumstances, a load frequency control (LFC) loop gives constancy and security to interconnected power systems (IPSs) by supplying all consumers with high-quality power at a nominal frequency and tie-line power change. This article proposes employing a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller to effectively control the frequency in a one-area multi-source power network comprising thermal, solar, wind, and fuel cells and in a thermal two-area tie-line IPS. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique was utilized to tune the PID controller parameters, with the integral time absolute error being utilized as an objective function. The efficacy and stability of the PSO-PID controller methodology were further tested in various scenarios for proposed networks. The frequency fluctuations associated with the one-area multi-source power source and with the two-area tie-line IPS’s area 1 and area 2 frequency variations were 59.98 Hz, 59.81 Hz, and 60 Hz, respectively, and, in all other investigated scenarios, they were less than that of the traditional PID controller. The results clearly show that, in terms of frequency responses, the PSO-PID controller performs better than the conventional PID controller.

Keywords: interconnected power system; particle swarm optimization; PID controller; LFC; integral time absolute error (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/2/517/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/2/517/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:2:p:517-:d:1323212

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Agatha Cao

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().