Techno-Economic Planning of a Fully Renewable Energy-Based Autonomous Microgrid with Both Single and Hybrid Energy Storage Systems

Mobin Naderi (), Diane Palmer, Matthew J. Smith, Erica E. F. Ballantyne, David A. Stone, Martin P. Foster, Daniel T. Gladwin, Amirhossein Khazali, Yazan Al-Wreikat, Andrew Cruden and Ewan Fraser
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Mobin Naderi: Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
Diane Palmer: Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
Matthew J. Smith: Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
Erica E. F. Ballantyne: Sheffield University Management School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
David A. Stone: Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
Martin P. Foster: Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
Daniel T. Gladwin: Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
Amirhossein Khazali: School of Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
Yazan Al-Wreikat: School of Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
Andrew Cruden: School of Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
Ewan Fraser: School of Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK

Energies, 2024, vol. 17, issue 4, 1-31

Abstract: This paper presents both the techno-economic planning and a comprehensive sensitivity analysis of an off-grid fully renewable energy-based microgrid (MG) intended to be used as an electric vehicle (EV) charging station. Different possible plans are compared using technical, economic, and techno-economic characteristics for different numbers of wind turbines and solar panels, and both single and hybrid energy storage systems (ESSs) composed of new Li-ion, second-life Li-ion, and new lead–acid batteries. A modified cost of energy (MCOE) index including EVs’ unmet energy penalties and present values of ESSs is proposed, which can combine both important technical and economic criteria together to enable a techno-economic decision to be made. Bi-objective and multi-objective decision-making are provided using the MCOE, total met load, and total costs in which different plans are introduced as the best plans from different aspects. The number of wind turbines and solar panels required for the case study is obtained with respect to the ESS capacity using weather data and assuming EV demand according to the EV population data, which can be generalized to other case studies according to the presented modelling. Through studies on hybrid-ESS-supported MGs, the impact of two different global energy management systems (EMSs) on techno-economic characteristics is investigated, including a power-sharing-based and a priority-based EMS. Single Li-ion battery ESSs in both forms, new and second-life, show the best plans according to the MCOE and total met load; however, the second-life Li-ion shows lower total costs. The hybrid ESSs of both the new and second-life Li-ion battery ESSs show the advantages of both the new and second-life types, i.e., deeper depths of discharge and cheaper plans.

Keywords: cost of energy; electric vehicles; energy storage system; microgrid planning; renewable energy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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