Small-Signal Stability of Hybrid Inverters with Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Controls

Xiaotong Ji, Dan Liu, Kezheng Jiang, Zhe Zhang () and Yongheng Yang ()
Additional contact information
Xiaotong Ji: State Grid Hubei Electric Power Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430077, China
Dan Liu: State Grid Hubei Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430077, China
Kezheng Jiang: State Grid Hubei Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430077, China
Zhe Zhang: College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Yongheng Yang: College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

Energies, 2024, vol. 17, issue 7, 1-19

Abstract: In the modern power grid, characterized by the increased penetration of power electronics and extensive utilization of renewable energy, inverter-based power plants play a pivotal role as the principal interface of renewable energy sources (RESs) and the grid. Considering the stability characteristics of grid-following (GFL) inverters when the grid is relatively weak, the application of grid-forming (GFM) controls becomes imperative in enhancing the stability of the entire power plant. Thus, there is an urgent need for suitable and effective models to study the interaction and stability of the paralleled inverters employing GFL and GFM controls. Thus, the small-signal modeling with full-order state-space model and eigenvalues analysis are presented in this paper. First, the small-signal state-space model of the individual GFL and GFM inverters is obtained, considering the control loop, interaction, reference frame, transmissions, and time delays. Then, the models of the individual inverter are extended to the hybrid inverters to study the effects of the GFM inverters on the small-signal stability of the entire system. And the impacts of the inertia and damping are analyzed by the eigenvalues of the state-transition matrix. A case comprising three parallel GFL inverters and two GFL inverters with one GFM inverter, respectively, are studied to examine the effectiveness and accuracy of the model. Finally, the stability margin obtained from the eigenvalue analysis of the entire system is verified by time-domain simulations.

Keywords: paralleled inverters; grid-following; grid-forming; state-space model; small-signal stability; eigenvalues analysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/7/1644/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/7/1644/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:17:y:2024:i:7:p:1644-:d:1366573

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Agatha Cao

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().