Model-Based Algorithm for Flexible Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Participation in Primary Frequency Regulation

Loredana Cristaldi, Marco Faifer, Christian Laurano (), Emil Petkovski, Ferdinanda Ponci, Igor Sowa and Sergio Toscani
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Loredana Cristaldi: Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
Marco Faifer: Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
Christian Laurano: Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
Emil Petkovski: Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
Ferdinanda Ponci: Institute for Automation of Complex Power Systems, E.ON Energy Research Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
Igor Sowa: Institute for Automation of Complex Power Systems, E.ON Energy Research Center, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
Sergio Toscani: Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy

Energies, 2024, vol. 17, issue 9, 1-14

Abstract: Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems are commonly designed for maximum energy production. However, as their presence grows, revised grid regulations increasingly require these systems to partially adhere to the primary frequency regulation (PFR) by reducing their power production when the grid frequency exceeds the nominal value. Nevertheless, full participation in PFR of PV systems, without battery storage, would require operating with a dedicated active power reserve to be utilized in the event of underfrequency conditions. This paper presents a model-based (MB) flexible power point tracking (FPPT) algorithm for PV systems. Results of a microgrid simulation show that the proposed algorithm enables a PV system with a nominal power of 100 kW to maintain a 20 kW active power reserve under various irradiation and temperature conditions, with a relative error lower than 3%. Furthermore, a simulation of the PV system assisting in primary frequency regulation is presented. Thanks to the proposed strategy, when employing the algorithm, the frequency deviation is reduced both in the event of underfrequency and overfrequency conditions. By enabling operation with a constant active power reserve, as well as a quick adjustment of the produced active power, in the event of frequency imbalance, the proposed MB algorithm is an interesting candidate for achieving complete PFR capabilities of PV systems.

Keywords: photovoltaic systems; microgrids; frequency regulations; maximum power point trackers; flexible power point trackers (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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