Comprehensive Control Strategy for Hybrid Energy Storage System Participating in Grid Primary Frequency Regulation

Haorui Jiang, Kuihua Han (), Weiyu Bao and Yahui Li ()
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Haorui Jiang: Shandong Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Energy Storage and Hydrogen Energy Utilization, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
Kuihua Han: Shandong Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Energy Storage and Hydrogen Energy Utilization, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
Weiyu Bao: School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
Yahui Li: Shandong Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Energy Storage and Hydrogen Energy Utilization, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 10, 1-31

Abstract: The increasing integration of renewable energy sources has posed significant challenges to grid frequency stability. To maximize the advantages of energy storage in primary frequency regulation, this paper proposes a comprehensive control strategy for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) based on supercapacitor battery. Firstly, considering the characteristics of the HESS and different control strategies, the battery responds to virtual droop control to reduce frequency deviation, while the supercapacitor responds to inertia control to suppress frequency drops and facilitate frequency recovery. Simultaneously, a reasonable dynamic dead zone is configured to prevent frequent actions of the battery and thermal unit while allowing flexible adjustments according to the load condition. Thirdly, an algebraic S-curve-based adaptive droop coefficient incorporating SOC is proposed, while the inertia coefficient additionally considers load type, enhancing adaptability. Furthermore, to better maintain the battery’s SOC, an improved adaptive recovery strategy within the battery dead zone is proposed, considering both SOC recovery requirements and system frequency deviation constraints. Finally, a simulation validation was conducted in MATLAB/Simulink. Compared to the conventional strategy, the proposed control strategy reduces the frequency drop rate by 17.43% under step disturbance. Under compound disturbances, the RMS of frequency deviation decreases by 13.34%, and the RMS of battery SOC decreases by 68.61%. The economic benefit of this strategy is 3.212 times that of the single energy storage scheme. The results indicate that the proposed strategy effectively alleviates sudden frequency disturbances, suppresses frequency fluctuations, and reduces battery output while maintaining the SOC of both the supercapacitor and the battery, thereby extending the battery lifespan and improving economic performance.

Keywords: adaptive control strategy; hybrid energy storage system; primary frequency regulation; virtual droop control; virtual inertia control (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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