Review of Electrochemical Systems for Grid Scale Power Generation and Conversion: Low- and High-Temperature Fuel Cells and Electrolysis Processes

Tingke Fang, Annette von Jouanne () and Alex Yokochi
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Tingke Fang: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
Annette von Jouanne: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
Alex Yokochi: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 10, 1-33

Abstract: This review paper presents an overview of fuel cell electrochemical systems that can be used for clean large-scale power generation and energy storage as global energy concerns regarding emissions and greenhouse gases escalate. The fundamental thermochemical and operational principles of fuel cell power generation and electrolyzer technologies are discussed with a focus on high-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) that are best suited for grid scale energy generation. SOFCs and SOECs share similar promising characteristics and have the potential to revolutionize energy conversion and storage due to improved energy efficiency and reduced carbon emissions. Electrochemical and thermodynamic foundations are presented while exploring energy conversion mechanisms, electric parameters, and efficiency in comparison with conventional power generation systems. Methods of converting hydrocarbon fuels to chemicals that can serve as fuel cell fuels are also presented. Key fuel cell challenges are also discussed, including degradation, thermal cycling, and long-term stability. The latest advancements, including in materials selection research, design, and manufacturing methods, are also presented, as they are essential for unlocking the full potential of these technologies and achieving a sustainable, near zero-emission energy future.

Keywords: fuel cell; solid oxide fuel cell; SOFC; solid oxide electrolysis cell; SOEC; clean energy; electrochemical; hydrogen; carbon monoxide (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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