Review of the Diffusion Process, Explosion Mechanism, and Detection Technology of Hydrogen and Ammonia

Zilong Zhang, Zhaotong Zhang, Yuqi Zhou, Yujie Ouyang, Jiangtao Sun, Jing Zhang (), Bin Li, Dan Zhang, Yongxu Wang, Jian Yao, Huadao Xing and Lifeng Xie
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Zilong Zhang: School of Safety Science and Engineering (School of Emergency Management), Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Zhaotong Zhang: School of Safety Science and Engineering (School of Emergency Management), Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Yuqi Zhou: Graduate School of Technology Management, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
Yujie Ouyang: School of Safety Science and Engineering (School of Emergency Management), Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Jiangtao Sun: School of Safety Science and Engineering (School of Emergency Management), Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Jing Zhang: School of Safety Science and Engineering (School of Emergency Management), Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Bin Li: School of Safety Science and Engineering (School of Emergency Management), Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Dan Zhang: School of Safety Science and Engineering (School of Emergency Management), Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Yongxu Wang: School of Safety Science and Engineering (School of Emergency Management), Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Jian Yao: School of Safety Science and Engineering (School of Emergency Management), Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Huadao Xing: School of Safety Science and Engineering (School of Emergency Management), Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
Lifeng Xie: School of Safety Science and Engineering (School of Emergency Management), Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 10, 1-35

Abstract: Increasing the proportion of clean energy within the energy structure is a crucial strategy for achieving energy transformation. Hydrogen and ammonia, as leaders in clean energy technologies, have garnered significant global attention. The combination of hydrogen and ammonia has emerged as a novel form of energy storage, transportation, and conversion; however, the safety aspects of their application process warrant closer attention. Research on hydrogen safety has been conducted extensively, with particular focus on the leakage, diffusion, combustion, and explosion processes. Both theoretical research and engineering applications have advanced significantly. In particular, hydrogen detection technology, primarily based on electrical measurement, has matured considerably, while schlieren imaging-based flow field visualization technology is progressing steadily. In contrast, safety research concerning ammonia remains in its early stages. Research on the leakage and diffusion characteristics of ammonia predominantly focuses on liquid ammonia, with a strong emphasis on engineering applications. Studies on the combustion and explosion characteristics of ammonia primarily address flame parameters and the combustion development laws. Ammonia serves as an efficient hydrogen storage medium. The conversion process involving hydrogen and ammonia will occur simultaneously in both time and space. Current research has not adequately addressed the safety concerns associated with the application process of hydrogen–ammonia mixtures. Future research on the safety of hydrogen–ammonia application processes should focus on the diffusion characteristics and combustion and explosion behaviors, as well as the development of electrical measurement detection technologies and optical flow field visualization techniques for hydrogen–ammonia mixtures.

Keywords: green hydrogen energy; ammonia; storage and transportation; leakage and diffusion; concentration detection; flow field visualization; explosion; application security (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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