The Technical Efficiency of Polish Energy Sector Companies of Different Sizes

Bożena Kusz (), Dariusz Kusz, Oktawia Jurgilewicz, Marcin Jurgilewicz, Bartosz Kozicki and Stanisław Topolewski
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Bożena Kusz: The Faculty of Management, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 12 St., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
Dariusz Kusz: The Faculty of Management, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 12 St., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
Oktawia Jurgilewicz: The Faculty of Management, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 12 St., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
Marcin Jurgilewicz: The Faculty of Management, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 12 St., 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
Bartosz Kozicki: The Faculty of Security, Logistics and Management, Military University of Technology, Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2 St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
Stanisław Topolewski: Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Security Studies, University of Siedlce, Konarskiego 2 St., 08-110 Siedlce, Poland

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 10, 1-27

Abstract: The energy market in the European Union is dominated by large energy companies. However, the liberalization of this market, the removal of market barriers, and the encouragement of small companies to enter the market are creating new conditions and changing the structure of companies. In addition to large energy companies, a significant number of small entities are also emerging. The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between the size of energy companies and their technical efficiency. This analysis was carried out for the period 2019–2023. In order to assess the efficiency of the researched energy companies, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method was employed. The analyzed enterprises were divided into three groups: small (IA), medium (IB), and large (II). The following economic categories were adopted as the division criteria: 1. net sales revenue; 2. operating costs; 3. fixed assets. The findings of our study suggest that small and medium-sized energy companies can exhibit levels of efficiency that are comparable to those of larger enterprises. This result suggests that companies of different sizes can coexist in the energy market. The results obtained are not completely conclusive, as statistically significant differences in technical efficiency (TE) were recorded in 2021 and 2022 but only between small enterprises (IA) and medium-sized enterprises (IB). This study highlights the potential of small energy companies to contribute effectively to Poland’s energy sector and suggests that supporting their development could enhance energy security and market competition. However, many energy companies—regardless of size—exhibited low levels of efficiency, underlining the need for deeper investigation into the sources of inefficiency.

Keywords: technical efficient; size of energy companies; DEA (data envelopment analysis); Malmquist index; energy security (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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