High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Reduced MACl Additives in NMP-Based Solvents

Junhyuk Gong, Simon MoonGeun Jung () and Gyu Min Kim ()
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Junhyuk Gong: Department of Chemical Engineering, Research Center of Chemical Technology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
Simon MoonGeun Jung: Department of Chemical Engineering, Research Center of Chemical Technology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
Gyu Min Kim: Department of Chemical Engineering, Research Center of Chemical Technology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 10, 1-15

Abstract: Methylammonium chloride (MACl) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is a key additive known to enhance film quality in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-based systems, where an optimal concentration of 50 mol% is typically required. However, alternative solvent systems, such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), have shown potential to reduce additive concentrations while maintaining high performance. This study explored the NMP/DMF (1:9) solvent system and its impact on MACl optimization. The optimal concentration of MACl in NMP-based systems was reduced to 20–30 mol%, representing a substantial decrease from the 50 mol% typically required in DMSO-based formulations. Films produced under these conditions exhibited superior crystallinity, as evidenced by narrower full-width at half maximum (FWHM) values in X-ray diffraction (XRD), and reduced defect densities. These structural improvements translated into enhanced optoelectronic properties, with devices achieving efficiency exceeding 23%, compared with ~20% for DMSO-based counterparts. Furthermore, the NMP-based system demonstrated improved long-term stability under continuous illumination.

Keywords: perovskite solar cells; NMP-based solvent; methylammonium chloride (MACl); additive reduction; precursor engineering; crystallinity control (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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