A Load Restoration Approach Based on Symmetrical Demand Response Incentive Mechanism

Xuntao Shi, Jian Sun, Xiaobing Xiao, Yongjun Zhang, Yiyong Lei, Hao Yang and Zhuangzhuang Li ()
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Xuntao Shi: School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
Jian Sun: CSG Electric Power Research Institute, Guangzhou 510663, China
Xiaobing Xiao: CSG Electric Power Research Institute, Guangzhou 510663, China
Yongjun Zhang: School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
Yiyong Lei: China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 510530, China
Hao Yang: China Southern Power Grid, Guangzhou 510530, China
Zhuangzhuang Li: School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 11, 1-19

Abstract: Demand response (DR) has high regulation potential, which can reduce the power supply–demand imbalance caused by extreme disasters. However, its actual effectiveness still needs to be improved because of low user willingness and incomplete compensation mechanisms. To address this issue, a symmetrical incentive mechanism for DR is proposed. Building upon this mechanism, a bi-level load restoration optimization model under extreme events is proposed. The upper-level model minimizes grid-side costs during load restoration, determining load restoration ratios and incentive coefficients transmitted to the lower level. The lower-level model maximizes user profits while considering comfort-level losses from DR participation, solving for actual response quantities that are fed back to the upper level. To efficiently solve the proposed load restoration model, an iterative mixed-integer load restoration solver is proposed. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed symmetrical mechanism achieved an 89.6% participation rate, showing a 2.46% improvement over fixed incentive schemes. Grid payment costs were reduced by CNY 365,400, achieving incentive compatibility that facilitates rapid load restoration post extreme disasters.

Keywords: load restoration; demand response; symmetrical incentive mechanism; bi-level optimization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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