Characterization of Particle Emissions from GTM 400 Fueled with HEFA-SPK Blends

Paula Kurzawska-Pietrowicz and Remigiusz Jasiński ()
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Paula Kurzawska-Pietrowicz: Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
Remigiusz Jasiński: Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 11, 1-11

Abstract: As aviation is a rapidly growing sector, many actions must be taken to significantly reduce the emission of harmful gases such as CO 2 , CO, HC, NOx, and particulate matter (PM). One accessible solution is the use of drop-in sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), which do not require any changes in the engine or infrastructure construction. The aim of this research was to analyze changes in non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions for SAF blends compared to Jet A-1 using a miniature jet engine, as there is still limited research on particulate matter emissions from miniature engines, especially for SAFs. This study focuses on non-volatile particle emissions from HEFA-SPK fuel, with comprehensive analyses of particle number and particulate mass-emission indices, as well as number-based and volume-based particle-size distribution (PSD). The tests were conducted on the miniature GTM 400 engine, which was specially designed for SAF testing. The tested fuels were 30/70%v and 50/50%v blends of HEFA-SPK/Jet A-1, as well as neat Jet A-1 as a reference fuel. The results showed that the use of 50%v HEFA-SPK can reduce non-volatile particulate mass emissions up to 59% at low engine loads, and non-volatile particle number emissions by up to 56% at maximum thrust, compared to Jet A-1.

Keywords: sustainable aviation fuels; HEFA-SPK; aviation; particulate matter; PM; particle emissions (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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