Hybrid Fuels for CI Engines with Biofuel Hydrogen Ammonia and Synthetic Fuel Blends

Ramozon Khujamberdiev and Haeng Muk Cho ()
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Ramozon Khujamberdiev: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
Haeng Muk Cho: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 11, 1-18

Abstract: The transition to sustainable energy systems necessitates the development of cleaner fuel alternatives for compression ignition (CI) engines, which continue to play a vital role in transportation and power generation. This study explores the potential of hybrid fuel blends comprising biofuels, hydrogen, ammonia, and synthetic fuels to enhance engine performance while minimizing environmental impact. By reviewing recent advancements, the paper analyzes the combustion characteristics, emissions behavior, and feasibility of various fuel combinations. Biofuel–hydrogen blends improve flame speed and reduce carbon emissions, while ammonia offers zero-carbon combustion when paired with more reactive fuels, like biodiesel or hydrogen. Synthetic fuels, particularly those derived from renewable sources, provide high-quality combustion with low particulate emissions. Hybridization strategies leverage the strengths of each component fuel, resulting in synergistic effects that enhance thermal efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and support the continued use of CI engines in a carbon-constrained future. The findings indicate that with proper optimization of fuel formulations and engine technologies, hybrid fuels can play a key role in achieving sustainability goals and reducing fossil fuel dependency.

Keywords: hybrid fuels; biofuels; hydrogen; ammonia; synthetic fuels; CI engine (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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