Energy Management for Distributed Carbon-Neutral Data Centers

Wenting Chang, Chuyi Liu (), Guanyu Ren and Jianxiong Wan
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Wenting Chang: College of Data Science and Application, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010080, China
Chuyi Liu: College of Data Science and Application, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010080, China
Guanyu Ren: College of Data Science and Application, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010080, China
Jianxiong Wan: College of Data Science and Application, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010080, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 11, 1-20

Abstract: With the continuous expansion of data centers, their carbon emission has become a serious issue. A number of studies are committing to reduce the carbon emission of data centers. Carbon trading, carbon capture, and power-to-gas technologies are promising emission reduction techniques which are, however, seldom applied to data centers. To bridge this gap, we propose a carbon-neutral architecture for distributed data centers, where each data center consists of three subsystems, i.e., an energy subsystem for energy supply, thermal subsystem for data center cooling, and carbon subsystem for carbon trading. Then, we formulate the energy management problem as a Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (Dec-POMDP) and develop a distributed solution framework using Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MADDPG). Finally, simulations using real-world data show that a cost saving of 20.3% is provided.

Keywords: carbon-neutral; data center; carbon capture; power-to-gas; multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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