Robust Load Frequency Control in Cyber-Vulnerable Smart Grids with Renewable Integration

Rambaboo Singh (), Ramesh Kumar, Utkarsh Raj and Ravi Shankar
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Rambaboo Singh: Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Patna 800005, India
Ramesh Kumar: Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Patna 800005, India
Utkarsh Raj: Department of Electrical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Buxar 802103, India
Ravi Shankar: Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Patna 800005, India

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 11, 1-21

Abstract: Frequency regulation (FR) constitutes a fundamental aspect of power system stability, particularly in the context of the growing integration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EVs). The load frequency control (LFC) mechanism, essential for achieving FR, is increasingly reliant on communication infrastructures that are inherently vulnerable to cyber threats. Cyberattacks targeting these communication links can severely compromise coordination among smart grid components, resulting in erroneous control actions that jeopardize the security and stability of the power system. In light of these concerns, this study proposes a cyber-physical LFC framework incorporating a fuzzy linear active disturbance rejection controller (F-LADRC), wherein the controller parameters are systematically optimized using the quasi-opposition-based reptile search algorithm (QORSA). Furthermore, the proposed approach integrates a comprehensive cyberattack detection and prevention scheme, employing Haar wavelet transforms for anomaly detection and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks for predictive mitigation. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is validated through simulations conducted on a restructured power system integrating RES and EVs, as well as a modified IEEE 39-bus test system. The simulation outcomes substantiate the capability of the proposed framework to deliver robust and resilient frequency regulation, maintaining system frequency and tie-line power fluctuations within nominal operational thresholds, even under adverse cyberattack scenarios.

Keywords: networked smart grids; frequency regulation; cyberattack; renewable energy sources; wavelet (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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