Microgeneration of Electricity in Gyms—A Review and Conceptual Study

Waldemar Moska and Andrzej Łebkowski ()
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Waldemar Moska: Department of Physical Culture, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Kazimierza Górskiego 1 Str., 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
Andrzej Łebkowski: Department Renewable Energy Sources and Electromobility, Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 83 Str., 81-225 Gdynia, Poland

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 11, 1-21

Abstract: This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the potential for microgeneration of electrical energy from human physical activity and reviews current commercial and research solutions, including stationary bicycles, treadmills, rowing ergometers, strength equipment, and kinetic floor systems. The physiological foundations of human energy generation are examined, with attention to key factors such as age, gender, fitness level, maximum oxygen uptake, heart rate, and hydration. The study includes mathematical models of energy conversion from metabolic to electrical output, incorporating fatigue as a limiting factor in long-duration performance. Available energy storage technologies (e.g., lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and flywheels) and intelligent energy management systems (EMS) for use in sports facilities and net-zero energy buildings are also reviewed. As part of the study, a conceptual design of a multifunctional training and diagnostic device is proposed to illustrate potential technological directions. This device integrates microgeneration with dynamic physiological monitoring and adaptive load control through power electronic conversion. The paper highlights both the opportunities and limitations of harvesting human-generated energy and outlines future directions for sustainable energy applications in fitness environments. A preliminary economic analysis is also included, showing that while the energy payback alone is limited, the device offers commercial potential when combined with diagnostic and smart fitness services and may contribute to broader building energy efficiency strategies through integration with intelligent energy systems.

Keywords: energy microgeneration; physical activity; energy conversion; energy-efficient buildings; intelligent energy management systems (EMS); smart building systems (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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