Energy-Efficient Near-Field Beamforming: A Review on Practical Channel Models

Haoran Ni, Mahnoor Anjum, Deepak Mishra () and Aruna Seneviratne
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Haoran Ni: School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Mahnoor Anjum: School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Deepak Mishra: School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Aruna Seneviratne: School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 11, 1-51

Abstract: The unprecedented expansion of wireless networks has resulted in spectrum sharing between numerous connected devices, demanding advanced interference management and higher energy consumption, which exacerbates the carbon footprint. Near-field communication emerges as a promising solution to these challenges as it enables precise signal focusing which reduces power consumption by providing higher spatial multiplexing gains. This review explores how near-field (NF) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) beamforming can enhance energy efficiency by optimizing beamfocusing and minimizing unnecessary energy expenditure. We discuss the latest advancements in near-field beamforming, emphasizing energy-efficient strategies and sustainable practices. Recognizing which practical channel models are better suited for near-field communication, we delve into the integration of Electromagnetic Information Theory (EIT) as a joint model for realistic applications. We also discuss the channel models for near-field beamforming, incorporating EIT to provide a comprehensive overview of current methodologies. We further analyze the strengths and limitations of existing channel models and discuss the state-of-the-art models which address existing gaps. We also explore opportunities for the practical deployment of energy-efficient near-field beamforming systems. By summarizing future research directions, this review aims to advance the understanding and application of sustainable energy practices in near-field communication technologies.

Keywords: energy efficiency; near field; electromagnetic information theory; wireless power transfer; green resource allocation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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