Advanced Self-Powered Sensor for Carbon Dioxide Monitoring Utilizing Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Technology

Hicham Mastouri (), Mohammed Remaidi (), Amine Ennawaoui, Meryiem Derraz and Chouaib Ennawaoui ()
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Hicham Mastouri: Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
Mohammed Remaidi: Laboratory of Engineering Sciences for Energy, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida 24000, Morocco
Amine Ennawaoui: Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
Meryiem Derraz: Laboratory of Engineering Sciences for Energy, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida 24000, Morocco
Chouaib Ennawaoui: Laboratory of Engineering Sciences for Energy, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida 24000, Morocco

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 12, 1-22

Abstract: In the context of autonomous environmental monitoring, this study investigates a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor designed for selective carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) detection. The sensor is based on a LiTaO 3 piezoelectric substrate with copper interdigital transducers and a polyetherimide (PEI) layer, chosen for its high electromechanical coupling and strong CO 2 affinity. Finite element simulations were conducted to analyze the resonance frequency response under varying gas concentrations, film thicknesses, pressures, and temperatures. Results demonstrate a linear and sensitive frequency shift, with detection capability starting from 10 ppm. The sensor’s autonomy is ensured by a piezoelectric energy harvester composed of a cantilever beam structure with an attached seismic mass, where mechanical vibrations induce stress in a piezoelectric layer (PZT-5H or PVDF), generating electrical energy via the direct piezoelectric effect. Analytical and numerical analyses were performed to evaluate the influence of excitation frequency, material properties, and optimal load on power output. This integrated configuration offers a compact and energy-independent solution for real-time CO 2 monitoring in low-power or inaccessible environments.

Keywords: smart materials; piezoelectric; energy harvesting; autonomous environmental monitoring; autonomous CO 2 sensor (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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