FEM Simulation of FDS Response in Oil-Impregnated Paper Insulation of Current Transformers with Axial Aging Variation

Lujia Wang (), Yutong Zhang, Ling Yang, Xiaoyu Hu, Sien Xu, Weimin Huang and Longzhen Wang
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Lujia Wang: School of Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
Yutong Zhang: School of Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
Ling Yang: School of Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
Xiaoyu Hu: State Grid Anhui Electric Power Research Institute, Hefei 230061, China
Sien Xu: China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430074, China
Weimin Huang: State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hefei 230061, China
Longzhen Wang: State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hefei 230061, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 12, 1-21

Abstract: The aging of oil-impregnated paper (OIP) insulation is one of the key factors influencing the service life of oil-immersed current transformers. Frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS), supported by mathematical models or simulation methods, is commonly used to evaluate insulation conditions. However, traditional aging models typically ignored significant aging differences between the transformer OIP head and straight sections caused by the axial temperature gradient. To address this limitation, an accelerated thermal aging experiment was performed on a full-scale oil-immersed inverted current transformer prototype. Based on the analysis of its internal temperature field, the axial temperature gradient boundary of the main insulation was identified. By applying region-specific aging control strategies to different axial segments, a FEM model incorporating axial aging variation was developed to analyze its influence on FDS. The simulation results closely matched experimental data, with a maximum deviation below 9.22%. The model’s applicability was further confirmed through the aging prediction of an in-service transformer. The proposed model is expected to provide a more accurate basis for predicting the FDS characteristics of OIP insulation in current transformers.

Keywords: oil-impregnated paper insulation; FDS; axial aging distribution; FEM; thermal gradient modeling; accelerated aging test; complex permittivity (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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