Theory of Quantity Value Traceability of Effective Apparent Power and Evaluation Method of Uncertainty

Yi Luo (), Jingfeng Yang, Fusheng Li, Bin Qian and Xiangyong Feng
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Yi Luo: CSG Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
Jingfeng Yang: China Southern Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
Fusheng Li: CSG Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
Bin Qian: CSG Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
Xiangyong Feng: CSG Electric Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 12, 1-15

Abstract: Apparent power and power factor are crucial metrics for evaluating the energy transmission efficiency and reactive power management in power systems. The increasing complexity of power load structures, driven by evolving energy production and consumption models, has intensified the nonlinear and unbalanced characteristics of circuits, presenting significant challenges to accurate apparent power measurement. The IEEE 1459-2010 standard introduces the concept of effective apparent power to enhance the assessment of energy transmission efficiency under non-sinusoidal and unbalanced conditions. However, the absence of a physical standard and a standardized traceability method for effective apparent power results in inconsistent measurement outcomes across instruments. This study proposes a novel method to trace effective apparent power measurements to the International System of Units (SI) benchmarks, based on the loss characteristics of transmission lines. The method includes a comprehensive analysis of measurement uncertainty. Simulation and experimental validation confirm that the proposed traceability circuit can achieve a measurement uncertainty of 0.0110% (coverage factor k = 2), satisfying the engineering requirement of expanded uncertainty U approximately 0.02% (k = 2). These results demonstrate the method’s practical suitability for engineering applications.

Keywords: effective apparent power; power factor; quantity value traceability; line loss; evaluation method of uncertainty (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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