Optimized Demand Side Management for Refrigeration: Modeling and Case Study Insights from Kenya

Josephine Nakato Kakande, Godiana Hagile Philipo and Stefan Krauter ()
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Josephine Nakato Kakande: Chair of Electrical Energy Technology—Sustainable Energy Concepts (EET-NEK), Faculty of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematics, Paderborn University, Pohlweg 55, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
Godiana Hagile Philipo: Chair of Electrical Energy Technology—Sustainable Energy Concepts (EET-NEK), Faculty of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematics, Paderborn University, Pohlweg 55, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
Stefan Krauter: Chair of Electrical Energy Technology—Sustainable Energy Concepts (EET-NEK), Faculty of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematics, Paderborn University, Pohlweg 55, 33098 Paderborn, Germany

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 13, 1-18

Abstract: According to the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), 20% of worldwide electricity consumption is for refrigeration, with domestic refrigeration appliances comprising a fifth of this demand. As the uptake of renewable energy sources for on-grid and isolated electricity supply increases, the need for mechanisms to match demand and supply better and increase power system flexibility has led to enhanced attention on demand-side management (DSM) practices to boost technology, infrastructure, and market efficiencies. Refrigeration requirements will continue to rise with development and climate change. In this work, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to evaluate energy saving and load factor improvement possibilities for refrigeration devices at a site in Kenya, using a combination of DSM load shifting and strategic conservation, and based on appliance temperature evolution measurements. Refrigeration energy savings of up to 18% are obtained, and the load factor is reduced. Modeling is done for a hybrid system with grid, solar PV, and battery, showing a marginal increase in solar energy supply to the load relative to the no DSM case, while the grid portion of the load supply reduces by almost 25% for DSM relative to No DSM.

Keywords: refrigeration; demand-side management; PSO; solar; battery; grid; temperature measurements; load shifting; strategic conservation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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