Operational Energy Consumption Map for Urban Electric Buses: Case Study for Warsaw

Maciej Kozłowski and Andrzej Czerepicki ()
Additional contact information
Maciej Kozłowski: Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
Andrzej Czerepicki: Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 13, 1-21

Abstract: This paper addresses the critical need for detailed electricity and peak power demand maps for urban public transportation vehicles. Current approaches often rely on overly general assumptions, leading to considerable errors in specific applications or, conversely, overly specific measurements that limit generalisability. We aim to present a comprehensive data-driven methodology for analysing energy consumption within a large urban agglomeration. The method leverages a unique and extensive set of real-world performance data, collected over two years from onboard recorders on all public bus lines in the Capital City of Warsaw. This large dataset enables a robust probabilistic analysis, ensuring high accuracy of the results. For this study, three representative bus lines were selected. The approach involves isolating inter-stop trips, for which instantaneous power waveforms and energy consumption are determined using classical mathematical models of vehicle drive systems. The extracted data for these sections is then characterised using probability distributions. This methodology provides accurate calculation results for specific operating conditions and allows for generalisation with additional factors like air conditioning or heating. The direct result of this paper is a detailed urban map of energy demand and peak power for public transport vehicles. Such a map is invaluable for planning new traffic routes, verifying existing ones regarding energy consumption, and providing a reliable input source for strategic charger deployment analysis along the route.

Keywords: electric buses; energy consumption; peak power demand; data-driven modelling; probabilistic analysis; route energy mapping (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3281/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3281/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:13:p:3281-:d:1685530

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Agatha Cao

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().