Modeling and Simulation of Internal Incipient Faults in Electrical Transformers Using a Bond Graph Approach

Arthur Cleary-Balderas (), Gilberto Gonzalez-Avalos, Gerardo Ayala-Jaimes and Aaron Padilla Garcia
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Arthur Cleary-Balderas: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Michoacán, Morelia 58000, Mexico
Gilberto Gonzalez-Avalos: Graduate Studies Division, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michoacán, Morelia 58000, Mexico
Gerardo Ayala-Jaimes: Faculty of Sciences of Engineering and Technology, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 21500, Mexico
Aaron Padilla Garcia: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Michoacán, Morelia 58000, Mexico

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 13, 1-38

Abstract: Power transformers are a key piece of equipment located between the points of supply and consumption of electrical energy. Due to their continuous exposure to the environment, they may be subject to failure. Thus, the modeling of transformers subject to incipient faults using a bond graph approach is presented in this study. In particular, incipient faults in the primary and secondary windings with respect to ground and a turn-to-turn fault in the primary winding are modeled. In order to develop a mathematical model capturing the incipient faults in transformers including magnetic saturation effects, a junction structure for the system applied to the bond graph model is proposed. The steady-state responses of the faulted transformer models using a bond graph approach are presented, leading to the proposal of a method for fault analysis in transformers with DC supply sources. Simulation results for the transformers with the different faults are presented, validating the results obtained according to expressions derived from the bond graph models.

Keywords: bond graph; power transformer; incipient failure; steady-state (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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