Renewable Energy and CO 2 Emissions: Analysis of the Life Cycle and Impact on the Ecosystem in the Context of Energy Mix Changes

Sebastian Sobczuk, Agata Jaroń, Mateusz Mazur () and Anna Borucka ()
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Sebastian Sobczuk: Doctoral School, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
Agata Jaroń: Doctoral School, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
Mateusz Mazur: 3rd School Battalion, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
Anna Borucka: Faculty of Security, Logistics and Management, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 13, 1-35

Abstract: This study provides a comprehensive life-cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy sources, focusing on the CO 2 emissions and ecological impacts associated with photovoltaic (PV) systems and wind energy technologies. The research evaluates emissions from raw material extraction, production, operation, and disposal, as well as the role of energy-storage systems. Photovoltaic systems exhibit life-cycle CO 2 emissions ranging between 28–100 [g CO 2 eq/kWh], influenced by factors like production energy mix and panel efficiency. Wind turbines demonstrate lower emissions, approximately 7–38 [g CO 2 eq/kWh], with variations based on turbine type and operational conditions. Despite low operational emissions, the full environmental impact of renewables includes biodiversity disruptions, land use changes, and material recycling challenges. The findings highlight that while renewable technologies significantly reduce CO 2 emissions compared to fossil fuels, their ecological footprint necessitates integrated sustainability strategies. The analysis supports policymakers and stakeholders in making informed decisions for a balanced energy transition, emphasizing the need for continued innovation in renewable technology life-cycle management.

Keywords: CO 2 emissions; renewable energy; wind turbines; photovoltaic; ecology; LCA; fuels; energy transition (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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