Decoupling Analysis of Parameter Inconsistencies in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Guiding Balancing System Design

Yanzhou Duan, Wenbin Ye, Qiang Zhang, Jixu Wang and Jiahuan Lu ()
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Yanzhou Duan: China Academy of Space Technology Hangzhou Institute, Hangzhou 310024, China
Wenbin Ye: China Academy of Space Technology Hangzhou Institute, Hangzhou 310024, China
Qiang Zhang: China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
Jixu Wang: China Academy of Space Technology Hangzhou Institute, Hangzhou 310024, China
Jiahuan Lu: College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 13, 1-20

Abstract: Inconsistencies in lithium-ion battery packs pose significant challenges for both electric vehicles and energy storage systems, causing diminished energy utilization and accelerated battery aging. This study investigates the characteristics and aging processes of 32 batteries, creating simulation models for cells and packs based on experimental data. Through a controlled single-variable approach, the decoupled analysis of multi-parameter inconsistencies is carried out. Simulation results demonstrate that parallel-connected packs can maintain charge consistency without the need for external balancing systems, thanks to their self-balancing mechanisms. On the other hand, series-connected packs experience accelerated capacity degradation primarily due to charge inconsistencies linked to differences in Coulombic efficiency (CE) and the initial state of charge (SOC). For packs with minor capacity variations and temperature inconsistencies, a passive balancing current of 0.001 C can effectively eliminate up to 3.8% of capacity loss caused by charge inconsistencies within 15 cycles. Active balancing systems outperform passive ones primarily when there is significant capacity inconsistency. However, for packs that have undergone capacity screening before assembly, both active and passive balancing systems prove to be equally effective. Additionally, inconsistencies in internal resistance have a minimal impact on overall pack capacity but limit the power of both series-connected and parallel-connected packs. These findings offer essential insights for the development of balancing systems within battery management systems.

Keywords: lithium-ion battery; battery pack; inconsistency; passive balancing; active balancing; battery management system (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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