Empirical EV Load Model for Distribution Network Analysis

Quang Bach Phan, Obaidur Rahman and Sean Elphick ()
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Quang Bach Phan: Australian Power Quality Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
Obaidur Rahman: Australian Power Quality Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
Sean Elphick: Australian Power Quality Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 13, 1-25

Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) have introduced new operational challenges for distribution network service providers (DNSPs), particularly for voltage regulation due to unpredictable charging behaviour and the intermittent nature of distributed energy resources (DERs). This study focuses on formulating an empirical EV load model that characterises charging behaviour over a broad spectrum of supply voltage magnitudes to enable more accurate representation of EV demand under varying grid conditions. The empirical model is informed by laboratory evaluation of one Level 1 and two Level 2 chargers, along with five EV models. The testing revealed that all the chargers operated in a constant current (CC) mode across the applied voltage range, except for certain Level 2 chargers, which transitioned to constant power (CP) operation at voltages above 230 V. A model of a typical low voltage network has been developed using the OpenDSS software package (version 10.2.0.1) to evaluate the performance of the proposed empirical load model against traditional CP load modelling. In addition, a 24 h case study is presented to provide insights into the practical implications of increasing EV charging load. The results demonstrate that the CP model consistently overestimated network demand and voltage drops and failed to capture the voltage-dependent behaviour of EV charging in response to source voltage change. In contrast, the empirical model provided a more realistic reflection of network response, offering DNSPs improved accuracy for system planning.

Keywords: electric vehicle load model; voltage regulation; power quality; conservation voltage reduction ratio; distribution network planning (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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