A Distributed Cooperative Anti-Windup Algorithm Improving Voltage Profile in Distribution Systems with DERs’ Reactive Power Saturation

Giovanni Mercurio Casolino, Giuseppe Fusco () and Mario Russo
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Giovanni Mercurio Casolino: Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via G. Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino, Italy
Giuseppe Fusco: Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via G. Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino, Italy
Mario Russo: Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via G. Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino, Italy

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 13, 1-31

Abstract: This paper proposes a Distributed Cooperative Algorithm (DCA) that solves the windup problem caused by the saturation of the Distributed Energy Resource (DER) PI-based control unit. If the reference reactive current output by the PI exceeds the maximum reactive power capacity of the DER, the control unit saturates, preventing the optimal voltage regulation at the connection node of the Active Distribution Network (ADN). Instead of relying on a centralized solution, we proposed a cooperative approach in which each DER’s control unit takes part in the DCA. If a control unit saturates, the voltage regulation error is not null, and the algorithm is activated to assign a share of this error to all DERs’ control units according to a weighted average principle. Subsequently, the algorithm determines the control unit’s new value of the voltage setpoint, desaturating the DER and enhancing the voltage profile. The proposed DCA is independent of the design of the control unit, does not require parameter tuning, exchanges only the regulation error at a low sampling rate, handles multiple saturations, and has limited communication requirements. The effectiveness of the proposed DCA is validated through numerical simulations of an ADN composed of two IEEE 13-bus Test Feeders.

Keywords: anti-windup; control of renewable energy resources; decentralized and distributed control; output regulation; smart grids; systems with saturation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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