Microgrids’ Control Strategies and Real-Time Monitoring Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Kayode Ebenezer Ojo, Akshay Kumar Saha () and Viranjay Mohan Srivastava
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Kayode Ebenezer Ojo: Department of Electrical Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
Akshay Kumar Saha: Department of Electrical Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
Viranjay Mohan Srivastava: Department of Electrical Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 13, 1-34

Abstract: Microgrids (MGs) technologies, with their advanced control techniques and real-time monitoring systems, provide users with attractive benefits including enhanced power quality, stability, sustainability, and environmentally friendly energy. As a result of continuous technological development, Internet of Things (IoT) architectures and technologies are becoming more and more important to the future smart grid’s creation, control, monitoring, and protection of microgrids. Since microgrids are made up of several components that can function in network distribution mode using AC, DC, and hybrid systems, an appropriate control strategy and monitoring system is necessary to ensure that the power from microgrids is delivered to sensitive loads and the main grid effectively. As a result, this article thoroughly assesses MGs’ control systems and groups them based on their degree of protection, energy conversion, integration, advantages, and disadvantages. The functions of IoT and monitoring systems for MGs’ data analytics, energy transactions, and security threats are also demonstrated in this article. This study also identifies several factors, challenges, and concerns about the long-term advancement of MGs’ control technology. This work can serve as a guide for all upcoming energy management and microgrid monitoring systems.

Keywords: microgrids technologies; control strategies; real-time monitoring; Internet of Things; energy management (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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