Energy Assessment of Hazelnut Shells ( Corylus avellana L.) of Selected Turkish Varieties

Kamila E. Klimek, Saban Kordali, Anna Borkowska, Ferah Yilmaz and Grzegorz Maj ()
Additional contact information
Kamila E. Klimek: Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
Saban Kordali: Department of Plant Protection, Fethiye Faculty of Agriculture, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla 48300, Türkiye
Anna Borkowska: Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
Ferah Yilmaz: Department of Plant Protection, Fethiye Faculty of Agriculture, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla 48300, Türkiye
Grzegorz Maj: Department of Power Engineering and Transportation, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 14, 1-13

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the energy and environmental potential of waste biomass in the form of hazelnut shells from selected Turkish varieties of Corylus avellana L. Eight commercial varieties (Çakıldak, Foşa, İnce Kara, Kalın Kara, Palaz, Tombul, Yassı Badem and Yuvarlak Badem) grown in different regions of the Black Sea coast of Turkey were analyzed. The scope of this study included whole nut and shell weight determination, technical and elemental analysis, higher heating value (HHV) and lower net heating value (LHV), as well as emission factors (CO, CO 2 , NO x , SO 2 , dust) and flue gas composition based on stoichiometric calculations. The results showed a significant effect of varietal characteristics on all analyzed parameters. The share of shell in the total weight of the nut ranged from 43.5% (Tombul) to 55.3% (İnce Kara). HHV values ranged from 18.37 to 19.20 MJ·kg −1 , and LHV from 17.05 to 17.90 MJ·kg −1 . The İnce Kara and Yassı Badem varieties showed the most favorable energy properties. Elemental analysis confirmed a low nitrogen and sulfur content, which translated into low NO x and SO 2 emissions. NO x emissions were lowest for the Tombul variety (1.43 kg·Mg −1 ), and SO 2 emissions were close to zero in each variety. The results confirm that Turkish hazelnut shells are a valuable energy resource and can be used as solid fuel or supplementary biomass. In particular, the İnce Kara variety was identified as the most promising due to its high shell weight, very good fuel properties, and high yield potential. This study underscores the importance of selecting the right variety to optimize agricultural waste utilization strategies within a circular economy.

Keywords: hazelnut by-product; shells; combustion process; solid biomass; sustainable waste management; cultivar variation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/14/3612/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/14/3612/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:14:p:3612-:d:1697532

Access Statistics for this article

Energies is currently edited by Ms. Agatha Cao

More articles in Energies from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().