Multi-Objective Optimization of Distributed Generation Placement in Electric Bus Transit Systems Integrated with Flash Charging Station Using Enhanced Multi-Objective Grey Wolf Optimization Technique and Consensus-Based Decision Support

Yuttana Kongjeen, Pongsuk Pilalum, Saksit Deeum, Kittiwong Suthamno, Thongchai Klayklueng, Supapradit Marsong, Ritthichai Ratchapan, Krittidet Buayai, Kaan Kerdchuen, Wutthichai Sa-nga-ngam () and Krischonme Bhumkittipich ()
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Yuttana Kongjeen: Intelligent Power System and Energy Research (IPER), Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
Pongsuk Pilalum: Intelligent Power System and Energy Research (IPER), Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
Saksit Deeum: Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT), Pathum Thani 12110, Thailand
Kittiwong Suthamno: Intelligent Power System and Energy Research (IPER), Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
Thongchai Klayklueng: Intelligent Power System and Energy Research (IPER), Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
Supapradit Marsong: Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT), Pathum Thani 12110, Thailand
Ritthichai Ratchapan: Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT), Pathum Thani 12110, Thailand
Krittidet Buayai: Intelligent Power System and Energy Research (IPER), Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
Kaan Kerdchuen: Intelligent Power System and Energy Research (IPER), Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
Wutthichai Sa-nga-ngam: Intelligent Power System and Energy Research (IPER), Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
Krischonme Bhumkittipich: Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT), Pathum Thani 12110, Thailand

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 14, 1-46

Abstract: This study presents a comprehensive multi-objective optimization framework for optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation (DG) units in electric bus (E-bus) transit systems integrated with a high-power flash charging infrastructure. An enhanced Multi-Objective Grey Wolf Optimizer (MOGWO), utilizing Euclidean distance-based Pareto ranking, is developed to minimize power loss, voltage deviation, and voltage violations. The framework incorporates realistic E-bus operation characteristics, including a 31-stop, 62 km route, 600 kW pantograph flash chargers, and dynamic load profiles over a 90 min simulation period. Statistical evaluation on IEEE 33-bus and 69-bus distribution networks demonstrates that MOGWO consistently outperforms MOPSO and NSGA-II across all DG deployment scenarios. In the three-DG configuration, MOGWO achieved minimum power losses of 0.0279 MW and 0.0179 MW, and voltage deviations of 0.1313 and 0.1362 in the 33-bus and 69-bus systems, respectively, while eliminating voltage violations. The proposed method also demonstrated superior solution quality with low variance and faster convergence, requiring under 7 h of computation on average. A five-method compromise solution strategy, including TOPSIS and Lp-metric, enabled transparent and robust decision-making. The findings confirm the proposed framework’s effectiveness and scalability for enhancing distribution system performance under the demands of electric transit electrification and smart grid integration.

Keywords: consensus-based decision support; muti-distributed generation; multi-objective optimization; grey wolf optimizer; electric bus systems; Pareto optimization; flash charging station; smart grids (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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