A Bi-Level Demand Response Framework Based on Customer Directrix Load for Power Systems with High Renewable Integration

Weimin Xi, Qian Chen, Haihua Xu and Qingshan Xu ()
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Weimin Xi: State Grid (Suzhou) City & Energy Research Institute, Suzhou 215000, China
Qian Chen: State Grid (Suzhou) City & Energy Research Institute, Suzhou 215000, China
Haihua Xu: State Grid (Suzhou) City & Energy Research Institute, Suzhou 215000, China
Qingshan Xu: School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 14, 1-14

Abstract: The growing integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into modern power systems calls for enhanced flexibility and control mechanisms. Conventional demand response (DR) strategies, such as price-based and incentive-driven methods, often encounter challenges that limit their effectiveness. This paper proposes a novel DR approach grounded in Customer Directrix Load (CDL) and formulated through Stackelberg game theory. A bilevel optimization framework is established, with air conditioning (AC) systems and electric vehicles (EVs) serving as the main DR participants. The problem is addressed using a genetic algorithm. Simulation studies on a modified IEEE 33-bus distribution system reveal that the proposed strategy significantly improves RES accommodation, reduces power curtailment, and yields mutual benefits for both system operators and end users. The findings highlight the potential of the CDL-based DR mechanism in enhancing operational efficiency and encouraging proactive consumer involvement.

Keywords: demand response; renewable energy sources; customer directrix load; Stackelberg game theory (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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