A Ladder-Type Carbon Trading-Based Low-Carbon Economic Dispatch Model for Integrated Energy Systems with Flexible Load and Hybrid Energy Storage Optimization

Liping Huang, Fanxin Zhong, Chun Sing Lai (), Bang Zhong, Qijun Xiao and Weitai Hsu
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Liping Huang: School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
Fanxin Zhong: School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
Chun Sing Lai: Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Brunel University of London, London UB8 3PH, UK
Bang Zhong: Zhaoqing Power Supply Bureau, Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526060, China
Qijun Xiao: School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China
Weitai Hsu: School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 14, 1-27

Abstract: This paper proposes a ladder carbon trading-based low-carbon economic dispatch model for integrated energy systems (IESs), incorporating flexible load optimization and hybrid energy storage systems consisting of battery and thermal energy storage. First, a ladder-type carbon trading mechanism is introduced, in which the carbon trading cost increases progressively with emission levels, thereby providing stronger incentives for emission reduction. Second, flexible loads are categorized and modeled as shiftable, transferable, and reducible types, each with distinct operational constraints and compensation mechanisms. Third, both battery and thermal energy storage systems are considered to improve system flexibility by storing excess energy and supplying it when needed. Finally, a unified optimization framework is developed to coordinate the dispatch of renewable generation, gas turbines, waste heat recovery units, and multi-energy storage devices while integrating flexible load flexibility. The objective is to minimize the total system cost, which includes energy procurement, carbon trading expenditures, and demand response compensation. Three comparative case studies are conducted to evaluate system performance under different operational configurations: the proposed comprehensive model, a carbon trading-only approach, and a conventional baseline scenario. Results demonstrate that the proposed framework effectively balances economic and environmental objectives through coordinated demand-side management, hybrid storage utilization, and the ladder-type carbon trading market mechanism. It reshapes the system load profile via peak shaving and valley filling, improves renewable energy integration, and enhances overall system efficiency.

Keywords: integrated energy systems; low-carbon dispatch; ladder-type carbon trading; flexible loads; hybrid energy storage; renewable energy integration (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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