Energy-Efficient Near-Field Integrated Sensing and Communication: A Comprehensive Review

Mahnoor Anjum, Muhammad Abdullah Khan, Deepak Mishra (), Haejoon Jung and Aruna Seneviratne
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Mahnoor Anjum: School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Muhammad Abdullah Khan: School of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
Deepak Mishra: School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
Haejoon Jung: School of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
Aruna Seneviratne: School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 14, 1-60

Abstract: The pervasive scale of networks brought about by smart city applications has created infeasible energy footprints and necessitates the inclusion of sensing sustained operations with minimal human intervention. Consequently, integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is emerging as a key technology for 6G systems. ISAC systems realize dual functions using shared spectrum, which complicates interference management. This motivates the development of advanced signal processing and multiplexing techniques. In this context, extremely large antenna arrays (ELAAs) have emerged as a promising solution. ELAAs offer substantial gains in spatial resolution, enabling precise beamforming and higher multiplexing gains by operating in the near-field (NF) region. Despite these advantages, the use of ELAAs increases energy consumption and exacerbates carbon emissions. To address this, NF multiple-input multiple-output (NF-MIMO) systems must incorporate sustainable architectures and scalable solutions. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the various methodologies utilized in the design of energy-efficient NF-MIMO-based ISAC systems. It introduces the foundational principles of the latest research while identifying the strengths and limitations of green NF-MIMO-based ISAC systems. Furthermore, this work provides an in-depth analysis of the open challenges associated with these systems. Finally, it offers a detailed overview of emerging opportunities for sustainable designs, encompassing backscatter communication, dynamic spectrum access, fluid antenna systems, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, and energy harvesting technologies.

Keywords: near-field; integrated sensing and communication; energy efficiency; fluid antenna; reconfigurable intelligent surfaces; wireless power transfer; backscatter communication (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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