Experimental Testing of Amplified Inertia Response from Synchronous Machines Compared with Frequency Derivative-Based Synthetic Inertia

Martin Fregelius, Vinicius M. de Albuquerque, Per Norrlund and Urban Lundin ()
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Martin Fregelius: Division of Electricity, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 65, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
Vinicius M. de Albuquerque: Division of Electricity, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 65, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
Per Norrlund: Vattenfall AB, R&D Laboratories, Älvkarlebylaboratoriet, SE-814 70 Älvkarleby, Sweden
Urban Lundin: Division of Electricity, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uppsala University, Box 65, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 14, 1-15

Abstract: A rather novel approach for delivery of inertia-like grid services through energy storage devices is described and validated by physical experiments and on-site measurements. In this approach, denoted “amplified inertia response”, an actual inertial response from a grid-connected synchronous machine is amplified. This inertia emulation approach is contrasted by what is called synthetic inertia, which uses a frequency-locked loop in order to extract the grid frequency. The synthetic inertia faces the usual input signal filtering challenges if the signal-to-noise ratio is low. The amplified inertia controller avoids the input filtering since it only amplifies the natural inertial response from a synchronous machine. However, rotor angle oscillations lead to filtering requirements of the amplified version as well, but on the output signal of the controller. Experimental comparisons are conducted both on the measurement output from the physical experiments in a microgrid and on analysis based on input from on-site measurements from a 55 MVA hydropower generator connected to the Nordic grid. In the specific cases compared, we observe that the amplified inertia version is the better method for smaller power systems, with large frequency fluctuations. On the other hand, the synthetic inertia method is the better in larger power systems as compared to the amplification of the inertial response from a real production unit.

Keywords: amplified inertia; synthetic inertia; frequency-locked loop; grid frequency derivative estimation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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