An Adaptive Control Strategy for a Virtual Synchronous Generator Based on Exponential Inertia and Nonlinear Damping

Huiguang Pian, Keqilao Meng (), Hua Li, Yongjiang Liu, Zhi Li and Ligang Jiang
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Huiguang Pian: School of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
Keqilao Meng: School of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
Hua Li: School of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
Yongjiang Liu: Inner Mongolia Power (Group) Co., Ltd., Hohhot 010020, China
Zhi Li: Huaneng Wulatezhongqi New Energy Power Generation Co., Ltd., Bayannur 015200, China
Ligang Jiang: Huaneng Wulatezhongqi New Energy Power Generation Co., Ltd., Bayannur 015200, China

Energies, 2025, vol. 18, issue 14, 1-17

Abstract: The increasing incorporation of renewable energy into power grids has significantly reduced system inertia and damping, posing challenges to frequency stability and power quality. To address this issue, an adaptive virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control strategy is proposed, which dynamically adjusts virtual inertia and damping in response to real-time frequency variations. Virtual inertia is modulated by an exponential function according to the frequency variation rate, while damping is regulated via a hyperbolic tangent function, enabling minor support during small disturbances and robust compensation during severe events. Control parameters are optimized using an enhanced particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm based on a composite performance index that accounts for frequency deviation, overshoot, settling time, and power tracking error. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink under step changes, load fluctuations, and single-phase faults demonstrate that the proposed method reduces the frequency deviation by over 26.15% compared to fixed-parameter and threshold-based adaptive VSG methods, effectively suppresses power overshoot, and eliminates secondary oscillations. The proposed approach significantly enhances grid transient stability and demonstrates strong potential for application in power systems with high levels of renewable energy integration.

Keywords: virtual synchronous generator (VSG); exponential inertia; tanh damping; adaptive control; particle swarm optimization (PSO); frequency stability (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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